This article provides practical
examples for 50 most frequently used commands in Linux / UNIX.
This is not a comprehensive list by any means, but this should give you a
jumpstart on some of the common Linux commands. Bookmark this article for your
future reference.
Did I miss any frequently used Linux commands?
Leave a
comment and let me know.
1. tar command examples
Create a new tar archive.
$ tar cvf archive_name.tar dirname/
Extract from an existing tar archive.
$ tar xvf archive_name.tar
View an existing tar archive.
$ tar tvf archive_name.tar
2. grep command examples
Search for a given string in a file (case in-sensitive search).
$ grep -i "the" demo_file
Print the matched line, along with the 3 lines after it.
$ grep -A 3 -i "example" demo_text
Search for a given string in all files recursively
$ grep -r "ramesh" *
3. find command examples
Find files using file-name ( case in-sensitve find)
# find -iname "MyCProgram.c"
Execute commands on files found by the find command
$ find -iname "MyCProgram.c" -exec md5sum {} \;
Find all empty files in home directory
# find ~ -empty
4. ssh command examples
Login to remote host
ssh -l jsmith remotehost.example.com
Debug ssh client
ssh -v -l jsmith remotehost.example.com
Display ssh client version
$ ssh -V
OpenSSH_3.9p1, OpenSSL 0.9.7a Feb 19 2003
5. sed command examples
When you copy a DOS file to Unix, you could find \r\n in the end of each
line. This example converts the DOS file format to Unix file format using sed
command.
$sed 's/.$//' filename
Print file content in reverse order
$ sed -n '1!G;h;$p' thegeekstuff.txt
Add line number for all non-empty-lines in a file
$ sed '/./=' thegeekstuff.txt | sed 'N; s/\n/ /'
6. awk command examples
Remove duplicate lines using awk
$ awk '!($0 in array) { array[$0]; print }' temp
Print all lines from /etc/passwd that has the same uid and gid
$awk -F ':' '$3==$4' passwd.txt
Print only specific field from a file.
$ awk '{print $2,$5;}' employee.txt
7. vim command examples
Go to the 143rd line of file
$ vim +143 filename.txt
Go to the first match of the specified
$ vim +/search-term filename.txt
Open the file in read only mode.
$ vim -R /etc/passwd
8. diff command examples
Ignore white space while comparing.
# diff -w name_list.txt name_list_new.txt
2c2,3
< John Doe --- > John M Doe
> Jason Bourne
9. sort command examples
Sort a file in ascending order
$ sort names.txt
Sort a file in descending order
$ sort -r names.txt
Sort passwd file by 3rd field.
$ sort -t: -k 3n /etc/passwd | more
10. export command examples
To view oracle related environment variables.
$ export | grep ORACLE
declare -x ORACLE_BASE="/u01/app/oracle"
declare -x ORACLE_HOME="/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0"
declare -x ORACLE_SID="med"
declare -x ORACLE_TERM="xterm"
To export an environment variable:
$ export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0
11. xargs command examples
Copy all images to external hard-drive
# ls *.jpg | xargs -n1 -i cp {} /external-hard-drive/directory
Search all jpg images in the system and archive it.
# find / -name *.jpg -type f -print | xargs tar -cvzf images.tar.gz
Download all the URLs mentioned in the url-list.txt file
# cat url-list.txt | xargs wget –c
12. ls command examples
Display filesize in human readable format (e.g. KB, MB etc.,)
$ ls -lh
-rw-r----- 1 ramesh team-dev 8.9M Jun 12 15:27 arch-linux.txt.gz
Order Files Based on Last Modified Time (In Reverse Order) Using ls -ltr
$ ls -ltr
Visual Classification of Files With Special Characters Using ls -F
$ ls -F
13. pwd command
pwd is Print working directory. What else can be said about the good old pwd
who has been printing the current directory name for ages.
14. cd command examples
Use “cd -” to toggle between the last two directories
Use “shopt -s cdspell” to automatically correct mistyped directory names on
cd
15. gzip command examples
To create a *.gz compressed file:
$ gzip test.txt
To uncompress a *.gz file:
$ gzip -d test.txt.gz
Display compression ratio of the compressed file using gzip -l
$ gzip -l *.gz
compressed uncompressed ratio uncompressed_name
23709 97975 75.8% asp-patch-rpms.txt
16. bzip2 command examples
To create a *.bz2 compressed file:
$ bzip2 test.txt
To uncompress a *.bz2 file:
bzip2 -d test.txt.bz2
17. unzip command examples
To extract a *.zip compressed file:
$ unzip test.zip
View the contents of *.zip file (Without unzipping it):
$ unzip -l jasper.zip
Archive: jasper.zip
Length Date Time Name
-------- ---- ---- ----
40995 11-30-98 23:50 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
32169 08-25-98 21:07 classes_
15964 08-25-98 21:07 classes_names
10542 08-25-98 21:07 classes_ncomp
18. shutdown command examples
Shutdown the system and turn the power off immediately.
# shutdown -h now
Shutdown the system after 10 minutes.
# shutdown -h +10
Reboot the system using shutdown command.
# shutdown -r now
Force the filesystem check during reboot.
# shutdown -Fr now
19. ftp command examples
Both ftp and secure ftp (sftp) has similar commands. To connect to a remote
server and download multiple files, do the following.
$ ftp IP/hostname
ftp> mget *.html
To view the file names located on the remote server before downloading, mls
ftp command as shown below.
ftp> mls *.html -
/ftptest/features.html
/ftptest/index.html
/ftptest/othertools.html
/ftptest/samplereport.html
/ftptest/usage.html
20. crontab command examples
View crontab entry for a specific user
# crontab -u john -l
Schedule a cron job every 10 minutes.
*/10 * * * * /home/ramesh/check-disk-space
21. service command examples
Service command is used to run the system V init scripts. i.e Instead of
calling the scripts located in the /etc/init.d/ directory with their full path,
you can use the service command.
Check the status of a service:
# service ssh status
Check the steatus of all the services.
service --status-all
Restart a service.
# service ssh restart
22. ps command examples
ps command is used to display information about the processes that are
running in the system.
While there are lot of arguments that could be passed to a ps command,
following are some of the common ones.
To view current running processes.
$ ps -ef | more
To view current running processes in a tree structure. H option stands for
process hierarchy.
$ ps -efH | more
23. free command examples
This command is used to display the free, used, swap memory available in the
system.
Typical free command output. The output is displayed in bytes.
$ free
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3566408 1580220 1986188 0 203988 902960
-/+ buffers/cache: 473272 3093136
Swap: 4000176 0 4000176
If you want to quickly check how many GB of RAM your system has use the -g
option. -b option displays in bytes, -k in kilo bytes, -m in mega bytes.
$ free -g
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3 1 1 0 0 0
-/+ buffers/cache: 0 2
Swap: 3 0 3
If you want to see a total memory ( including the swap), use the -t switch,
which will display a total line as shown below.
ramesh@ramesh-laptop:~$ free -t
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3566408 1592148 1974260 0 204260 912556
-/+ buffers/cache: 475332 3091076
Swap: 4000176 0 4000176
Total: 7566584 1592148 5974436
24. top command examples
top command displays the top processes in the system ( by default sorted by
cpu usage ). To sort top output by any column, Press O (upper-case O) , which
will display all the possible columns that you can sort by as shown below.
Current Sort Field: P for window 1:Def
Select sort field via field letter, type any other key to return
a: PID = Process Id v: nDRT = Dirty Pages count
d: UID = User Id y: WCHAN = Sleeping in Function
e: USER = User Name z: Flags = Task Flags
........
To displays only the processes that belong to a particular user use -u
option. The following will show only the top processes that belongs to oracle
user.
$ top -u oracle
25. df command examples
Displays the file system disk space usage. By default df -k displays output
in bytes.
$ df -k
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 29530400 3233104 24797232 12% /
/dev/sda2 120367992 50171596 64082060 44% /home
df -h displays output in human readable form. i.e size will be displayed in
GB’s.
ramesh@ramesh-laptop:~$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 29G 3.1G 24G 12% /
/dev/sda2 115G 48G 62G 44% /home
Use -T option to display what type of file system.
ramesh@ramesh-laptop:~$ df -T
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext4 29530400 3233120 24797216 12% /
/dev/sda2 ext4 120367992 50171596 64082060 44% /home
26. kill command examples
Use kill command to terminate a process. First get the process id using ps
-ef command, then use kill -9 to kill the running Linux process as shown below.
You can also use killall, pkill, xkill to terminate a unix process.
$ ps -ef | grep vim
ramesh 7243 7222 9 22:43 pts/2 00:00:00 vim
$ kill -9 7243
27. rm command examples
Get confirmation before removing the file.
$ rm -i filename.txt
It is very useful while giving shell metacharacters in the file name
argument.
Print the filename and get confirmation before removing the file.
$ rm -i file*
Following example recursively removes all files and directories under the
example directory. This also removes the example directory itself.
$ rm -r example
28. cp command examples
Copy file1 to file2 preserving the mode, ownership and timestamp.
$ cp -p file1 file2
Copy file1 to file2. if file2 exists prompt for confirmation before
overwritting it.
$ cp -i file1 file2
29. mv command examples
Rename file1 to file2. if file2 exists prompt for confirmation before
overwritting it.
$ mv -i file1 file2
Note: mv -f is just the opposite, which will overwrite file2 without
prompting.
mv -v will print what is happening during file rename, which is useful while
specifying shell metacharacters in the file name argument.
$ mv -v file1 file2
30. cat command examples
You can view multiple files at the same time. Following example prints the
content of file1 followed by file2 to stdout.
$ cat file1 file2
While displaying the file, following cat -n command will prepend the line
number to each line of the output.
$ cat -n /etc/logrotate.conf
1 /var/log/btmp {
2 missingok
3 monthly
4 create 0660 root utmp
5 rotate 1
6 }
31. mount command examples
To mount a file system, you should first create a directory and mount it as
shown below.
# mkdir /u01
# mount /dev/sdb1 /u01
You can also add this to the fstab for automatic mounting. i.e Anytime
system is restarted, the filesystem will be mounted.
/dev/sdb1 /u01 ext2 defaults 0 2
32. chmod command examples
chmod command is used to change the permissions for a file or directory.
Give full access to user and group (i.e read, write and execute ) on a
specific file.
$ chmod ug+rwx file.txt
Revoke all access for the group (i.e read, write and execute ) on a specific
file.
$ chmod g-rwx file.txt
Apply the file permissions recursively to all the files in the
sub-directories.
$ chmod -R ug+rwx file.txt
33. chown command examples
chown command is used to change the owner and group of a file. \
To change owner to oracle and group to db on a file. i.e Change both owner
and group at the same time.
$ chown oracle:dba dbora.sh
Use -R to change the ownership recursively.
$ chown -R oracle:dba /home/oracle
34. passwd command examples
Change your password from command line using passwd. This will prompt for
the old password followed by the new password.
$ passwd
Super user can use passwd command to reset others password. This will not
prompt for current password of the user.
# passwd USERNAME
Remove password for a specific user. Root user can disable password for a
specific user. Once the password is disabled, the user can login without
entering the password.
# passwd -d USERNAME
35. mkdir command examples
Following example creates a directory called temp under your home directory.
$ mkdir ~/temp
Create nested directories using one mkdir command. If any of these
directories exist already, it will not display any error. If any of these
directories doesn’t exist, it will create them.
$ mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3/dir4/
36. ifconfig command examples
Use ifconfig command to view or configure a network interface on the Linux
system.
View all the interfaces along with status.
$ ifconfig -a
Start or stop a specific interface using up and down command as shown below.
$ ifconfig eth0 up
$ ifconfig eth0 down
37. uname command examples
Uname command displays important information about the system such as —
Kernel name, Host name, Kernel release number,
Processor type, etc.,
Sample uname output from a Ubuntu laptop is shown below.
$ uname -a
Linux john-laptop 2.6.32-24-generic #41-Ubuntu SMP Thu Aug 19 01:12:52 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux
38. whereis command examples
When you want to find out where a specific Unix command exists (for example,
where does ls command exists?), you can execute the following command.
$ whereis ls
ls: /bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz
When you want to search an executable from a path other than the whereis
default path, you can use -B option and give path as argument to it. This
searches for the executable lsmk in the /tmp directory, and displays it, if it
is available.
$ whereis -u -B /tmp -f lsmk
lsmk: /tmp/lsmk
39. whatis command examples
Whatis command displays a single line description about a command.
$ whatis ls
ls (1) - list directory contents
$ whatis ifconfig
ifconfig (8) - configure a network interface
40. locate command examples
Using locate command you can quickly search for the location of a specific
file (or group of files). Locate command uses the database created by updatedb.
The example below shows all files in the system that contains the word
crontab in it.
$ locate crontab
/etc/anacrontab
/etc/crontab
/usr/bin/crontab
/usr/share/doc/cron/examples/crontab2english.pl.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/crontab.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/anacrontab.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/crontab.5.gz
/usr/share/vim/vim72/syntax/crontab.vim
41. man command examples
Display the man page of a specific command.
$ man crontab
When a man page for a command is located under more than one section, you
can view the man page for that command from a specific section as shown below.
$ man SECTION-NUMBER commandname
Following 8 sections are available in the man page.
- General commands
- System calls
- C library functions
- Special files (usually
devices, those found in /dev) and drivers
- File formats and
conventions
- Games and screensavers
- Miscellaneous
- System administration
commands and daemons
For example, when you do whatis crontab, you’ll notice that crontab has two
man pages (section 1 and section 5). To view section 5 of crontab man page, do
the following.
$ whatis crontab
crontab (1) - maintain crontab files for individual users (V3)
crontab (5) - tables for driving cron
$ man 5 crontab
42. tail command examples
Print the last 10 lines of a file by default.
$ tail filename.txt
Print N number of lines from the file named filename.txt
$ tail -n N filename.txt
View the content of the file in real time using tail -f. This is useful to
view the log files, that keeps growing. The command can be terminated using
CTRL-C.
$ tail -f log-file
43. less command examples
less is very efficient while viewing huge log files, as it doesn’t need to
load the full file while opening.
$ less huge-log-file.log
One you open a file using less command, following two keys are very helpful.
CTRL+F – forward one window
CTRL+B – backward one window
44. su command examples
Switch to a different user account using su command. Super user can switch
to any other user without entering their password.
$ su - USERNAME
Execute a single command from a different account name. In the following
example, john can execute the ls command as raj username. Once the command is
executed, it will come back to john’s account.
[john@dev-server]$ su - raj -c 'ls'
[john@dev-server]$
Login to a specified user account, and execute the specified shell instead
of the default shell.
$ su -s 'SHELLNAME' USERNAME
45. mysql command examples
mysql is probably the most widely used open source database on Linux. Even
if you don’t run a mysql database on your server, you might end-up using the
mysql command ( client ) to connect to a mysql database running on the remote
server.
To connect to a remote mysql database. This will prompt for a password.
$ mysql -u root -p -h 192.168.1.2
To connect to a local mysql database.
$ mysql -u root -p
If you want to specify the mysql root password in the command line itself,
enter it immediately after -p (without any space).
46. yum command examples
To install apache using yum.
$ yum install httpd
To upgrade apache using yum.
$ yum update httpd
To uninstall/remove apache using yum.
$ yum remove httpd
47. rpm command examples
To install apache using rpm.
# rpm -ivh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm
To upgrade apache using rpm.
# rpm -uvh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm
To uninstall/remove apache using rpm.
# rpm -ev httpd
48. ping command examples
Ping a remote host by sending only 5 packets.
$ ping -c 5 gmail.com
49. date command examples
Set the system date:
# date -s "01/31/2010 23:59:53"
Once you’ve changed the system date, you should syncronize the hardware clock
with the system date as shown below.
# hwclock –systohc
# hwclock --systohc –utc
50. wget command examples
The quick and effective method to download software, music, video from
internet is using wget command.
$ wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagios/nagios-3.2.1.tar.gz
Download and store it with a different name.
$ wget -O taglist.zip http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=7701